Louisiana Tech Faculty Information Page

Sterling, Raymond L., Ph.D., P.E.

Contractors' Educational Trust Fund, Professor of Civil Engineering and Director, Trenchless Technology Center 

Degrees

PhD - Civil Engineering: University of Minnesota - 1977
MS - Geo Engineering: University of Minnesota - 1975
B.Eng. - Civil and Structural Engineering (1st Class Honours): University of Sheffield, England - 1970

Contact Info

Office: 203 Engineering Annex 203l
Email: sterling@latech.edu
Phone: (318) 257-4072
Home Page: Under Construction

Areas of Specialization

  • Trenchless Technology
  • Underground Construction
  • Utilization of Underground Space
  • Geomechanics
  • Building Science/Energy Efficiency

 

Research Areas/Interests

Dr. Sterling was the Director, of the Underground Space Center Research Program at the University of Minnesota from its creation in 1977 until he joined Louisiana Tech University in 1995. The program involved an interdisciplinary staff including expertise in civil engineering, structural engineering, geotechnical engineering, architecture, planning, landscape architecture, mechanical engineering and heat transfer. Staff size varied between 5 and 15 full-time staff and the center conducted programs totalling over $11 million. Information on the activities of the Trenchless Technology Center can be found in the home page listed above.

 

Publications

  • Books Authored or Edited (Total 11)

o       Carmody, J. and R. Sterling, 1993. Underground Space Design:  A Guide to Subsurface Utilization and Design for People in Underground Spaces, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, January 1993,  (Translated into Japanese).

o       Cundall, P.A., R.L. Sterling and A.M. Starfield (Eds.), 1988. Key Questions in Rock Mechanics: Proc. 29th U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, June 13-15, 1988, University of Minnesota.  A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, 1988.

o       Labs K., J. Carmody, R.L. Sterling, L. Shen, J. Huang and D. Parker, 1988. Building Foundation Handbook, for U.S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Buildings and Community Systems, May 1988. 349 pp.

o       Carmody, John C. and R.L. Sterling, 1985. Earth Sheltered Housing Design, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold, April 1985, translated into Japanese, 352 pages.

o       Carmody, John C. and R.L. Sterling, 1983. Underground Building Design, Van Nostrand Reinhold, October 1983, translated into Japanese and Russian, 254 pages.

o       Sterling,  R.L., W. Farnan, and J. Carmody, 1982. Earth Sheltered Residential Design Manual, Van Nostrand Reinhold, August 1982.  Co‑publication of a technical report to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, 252 pages.

o       Ahrens, D., Ellison, T., and Sterling, R.L., 1981. Earth Sheltered Homes: Plans and Designs, Van Nostrand Reinhold, March 1981, translated into French, German and Spanish, 125 pages.

o       Sterling, R.L., Carmody, J., and Elnicky, G., 1980. Earth Sheltered Community Design:  The Design of Energy‑Efficient Residential Communities.  Van Nostrand Reinhold, October 1980, translated into Spanish, 270 pages.  1981 Architecture and Urban Planning Award from the Assoc. of American Publishers.

o       Sterling, R.L., Aiken, R., and Carmody, J., 1980.  Earth Sheltered Housing: Code, Zoning and Financing Issues, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.  Originally published as a report to the Department of Housing and Urban Development, April, 1980, 143 pages.

o       Sterling, R.L., Carmody, J., et al., 1978. Earth Sheltered Housing Design: Guidelines, Examples and References, First publication February, 1978.  Published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1979.  Translated into Chinese, French, Spanish, and Russian, 318 pages.  Over 250,000 copies sold.

o       Boyer, L.L. and R.L. Sterling (Eds.), 1986. Proc. Second Int. Earth Sheltered Buildings Conference, June 16-19, 1986, Minneapolis, MN.  Texas A&M University, Department of Architecture, 1986.

  • Refereed and Archival Journal Papers and Book Chapters (Total 24)

o       Nakhawa, A.S., A. Saber and R.L. Sterling, 2001. “Simulation of Ground Movements due to Pipe Bursting,” No-Dig Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 2, Trenchless Technology, Inc., pp10-14.

o       Lanka, M., A. Butler and R. Sterling, 2001. “Use of Approximate Reasoning Techniques for Locating Underground Utilities, Trenchless Technology Research Supplement, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 16, No. 1, Elsevier Science, Oxford U.K.

o       Sterling, R., A. Atalah, and P. Hadala, 1999. “Design and Application Issues for Pipe Bursting,” No-Dig Engineering, Vol. 6, No. 2.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1997. Underground Technologies for Liveable Cities," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 12, No. 4, Elsevier Science, Oxford, U.K., pp. 479-490, Oct-Dec 1997.

o       Sterling, R.L. (Ed.), 1996. “Going Under to Stay on Top, Revisited: Results of a Colloquium on Underground Space Utilization,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 11, No. 3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 263-270, July 1996.

o       Hoyer, M., J. Hallgren, S. Eisenreich and R. Sterling, 1994. "Field Test Results of Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage at St. Paul, Minnesota," Journal of Energy Engineering, Vol. 120, No. 2, pp.67-85, ASCE, N.Y., August 1994.

o       Carmody, J., O. Huet and R. Sterling, 1994. "Life Safety in Large Underground Buildings: Principles and Examples, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 9, No. 1, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 19-30, 1994.

o       Liu, H. and R. Sterling, 1994. "A Study of Profile Characterization for Rock Joints," Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, Springer-Verlag, Austria, Vol. 27, No. 4, 1994.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1993. "The Expanding Role of Rock Engineering in Developing National and Local Infrastructures" in Comprehensive Rock Engineering: Principles, Practice and Projects, Vol. 5, pp. 1-28, J.A. Hudson (Ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., 1993.

o       Lee, C.A. and R.L. Sterling, 1992. "A Neural Network - Expert System Hybrid Approach for Tunnel Design," International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 49-67, 1992.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1992. “Developments in Excavation Technology: a Comparison of Japan, the U.S. and Europe,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 7, No.3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 221-236, 1992.

o       Sterling, R., J. Carmody and W.H. Rockenstein II, 1992. "Development of Life Safety Standards for Large Mined Underground Space Facilities in Minneapolis, Minnesota,"  Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K., pp. 119-125, 1992.

o       Bartali, H., F.V. Dunkel, A. Said and R.L. Sterling, 1990. "Performance of Plastic Lining for Storage of Barley in Traditional Underground Structures (Matmora) in Morocco, Journal Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 47, 1990, pp. 297-314.

o       Inada Y. and R.L. Sterling, 1989. "Storage of Heated Water in Underground Openings."  ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.  Vol. 115, No. 5, pp. 597-614, May 1989.

o       Yang, L. and R.L. Sterling, 1989. "Back Analysis of Rock Tunnelling Using Boundary Element Method," ASCE Journal of Geotechnical Engineering.  Vol. 115, No. 8, pp. 1163-1169, Aug. 1989.

o       Yang, L. and R.L. Sterling, 1988. "Underground Space Use and Urban Planning in Shanghai" ASCE Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 114, No. 1, pp. 34-49, June 1988.

o       Vardoulakis, I.G., D.E. Beskos, K.L. Leung, B. Dasgupta and R.L. Sterling, 1987. "Computation of Vibration Levels in Underground Space," Int. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 291-298.

o       Dunkel, F., R. Sterling and G. Meixel, 1987. "Underground Bulk Storage of Shelled Corn in Minnesota," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 367-372.

o       Carmody, J.C. and R.L. Sterling, 1986. "Design Strategies to Alleviate Negative Psychological and Physiological Effects in Underground Space," Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 59-68.  Also presented at the Second International Earth-Sheltered Buildings Conference, Mpls., June 1986.

o       Sterling R.L., G. Meixel and L. Shen, 1985. "The Impact of Building Foundations on U.S. National Energy Consumption", Underground Space, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 192-198, Pergamon Press.

o       Carmody, J. and R. Sterling, 1984. "Design Considerations for Underground Buildings", Underground Space, Vol. 8, Nos. 5‑6, pp. 352‑362.

o       Sterling, R.L., and Nelson, S., 1982. "Planning the Development of Underground Space," Underground Space, Vol 7, No. 2., pp. 86‑103, Sept/Oct., 1982.

o       Sterling, R.L. and Tingerthal, M., 1981. "Building Costs and Construction Problems in the Minnesota Earth‑Sheltered Housing Demonstration Program," Underground Space, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 13‑20.

o       Sterling, R.L. and Nelson, C., 1978. "An Experimental Investigation of the Strength of Laterally Constrained Rock Beams," Experimental Mechanics, Vol. 18, No. 7, pp. 261-268, July 1978.  Presented at 1977 Spring Meeting of the Society of Experimental Stress Analysis.

  • Refereed Papers in Conference Proceedings

o       Duan, Z. and R.L. Sterling, 2002. “Rapid Prediction of Surface Settlements due to Normal Microtunneling Operations,” Proc. No-Dig 2002, Montreal, Canada, April 28 - May 2, 2002, North American Society for Trenchless Technology, Arlington, VA.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1997.  "The Warren Center Report on Underground Space use in Urban Areas in Australia," Proc. Intl. Conf. Underground Space: Indoor Cities of Tomorrow, Montreal, Canada, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 1997.

o       Sterling, R. L., 1997. "Trenchless Technologies and their Impact on Urban Utility Systems," Proc. Intl. Conf. Underground Space: Indoor Cities of Tomorrow, Montreal, Canada, Sept. 29-Oct. 3, 1997.

o       Sterling, R.L, C.R. Nelson and L. Peterson, 1995. “Linear Arch Analysis Techniques for the Design of Underground Openings in Bedded Rock Formations,” Proc. Second Intl. Conf. on Mechanics of Jointed and Faulted Rock, Vienna, Austria, April 10-14, 1995.

o       Sun, Y. and R. Sterling, 1994. “A Three-dimensional Model for Transient Fluid Flow Through Deformable Jointed Rock Masses,” Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, Morgantown, WV, May 22-28, 1994.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1992. “Assessment of Apparent Soil Thermal Conductivity,” Proc. Thermal Performance of the Exterior Envelopes of Buildings V, Clearwater Beach, Florida, Dec. 7-10, 1992.

o       Sterling, R.L. and J. Carmody, 1992. “Standards for Life and Fire Safety Egress in Underground Facilities in Minneapolis, Minnesota,” Proc. 1st International Conference Safety in Road and Rail Tunnels, Basel, Switzerland, Nov. 23-25, 1992.

o       Sterling, R.L. and J. Carmody, 1992. "Merging Geological and Human Use Considerations in Underground Transit Station Design," Proc. 5th International Conference on Underground Space and Earth Sheltered Structures, Delft University of Technology, Aug. 2-5, 1992.

o       Liu, H.F. and R.L. Sterling, 1990. "Statistical Description of the Surface Roughness of Rock Joints," Proc. 31st U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Golden, CO, June 18-20, 1990.

o       Carmody J. and R.L. Sterling, 1990. “Design Issues for Underground Structures on Earth and in the Lunar Environment,” Proc. Space '90, Albuquerque, NM, April 22-26, 1990, ASCE, NY, pp. 551-560.

o       Li, Y., R.L. Michalowski, B. Dasgupta and R.L. Sterling, 1989. “Preliminary Results from Simulation of Retaining Wall Displacement by Frost Action,” Proc. 5th Int. ASCE Specialty Conference on Cold Regions Engineering, Feb. 6-8, 1989, St. Paul, MN.  ASCE, N. Y., pp. 389-396.

o       Sterling, R., Y. Park and C. Nelson, 1986. “The Long-Term Performance of Rod Extensometers in Monitoring the Deformation of a Large Underground Test Room at the University of Minnesota,” Proc. International Symposium on Large Rock Caverns, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 25-28 1986, K. Saari (Ed), Pergamon Press, 1986, pp. 1025-1038.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1980. "The Ultimate Load Behavior of Laterally Constrained Rock Beams."  Proc. 21st U.S. National Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Rolla, Missouri, June 1980.  University of Missouri-Rolla, pp. 533-542.

  • Invited Papers in Conference Proceedings

o       Sterling, R.L., 2002. “Current and Future Prospects for Microtunneling,” Proc. ITA World Congress, Sydney, Australia, March 4-7, 2002, International Tunnelling Association.

o       Sterling, R.L., 2001. “Geotechnical Aspects of Microtunneling,” Proc. 49th Annual Geotechnical Engineering Conference, Feb. 16, 2001, Minneapolis, MN, Univ. of Minnesota, pp 5-14.

o       Sterling, R.L., 2000. “Planning for Cost-Effective Underground Space Use in Urban Areas,” Proc. Intl. Conf. on Tunnels and Underground Structures, Nov. 26-29, 2000, Singapore, Balkema, Rotterdam.

o       Sterling, R.L. and J.P. Godard, 2000. “Geoengineering Considerations in the Optimum Use of Underground Space,” Proc. GeoEngineering 2000, Nov. 19-24, 2000, Melbourne, Australia, Institution of Engineers, Australia.

o       Sterling, R.L., 2000. “The Expanding Role of Trenchless Technology in Underground Construction,” Proc. Intl. No Dig 2000, Oct. 16-18, 2000, Perth, Australia, Intl. Soc. for Trenchless Technology, London, pp 13-17.

o       Sterling, R.L., 2000.  “Planning, Design and Management of Future Underground Space Use,” Invited Keynote, Geoecology and Computers: Proc. 3rd Intl. Conf. Advances of Computer Methods in Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Moscow, Feb.1-4, 2000, S. Yufin (Ed.), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 57-60.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1998.  “General Report: Planning and Project Management,” Proc. Tunnels and Metropolises: World Tunnel Congress ’98, Apr. 25-30, 1998, Sao Paulo, Brazil, Negro and Ferreira (Eds.), A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 15-22.

o       Sterling, R.L., "Planning, Design and Research for Trenchless Utility Installation and Repair," Proc. Intl. Symposium on Rock Mechanics and Environmental Geotechnology, Chongqing, P.R. China, April 1-4, 1997.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1996.  “The Expanding Role of Underground Facilities,” Invited Address, Proc. 43rd. World Congress, International Federation of Housing and Planning, Sendai-Miyagi, Japan, Oct. 14-17, 1996, IFHP, The Hague, The Netherlands.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1993. “Direct and Indirect Benefits of Underground Space Use,” Proc. Seoul Symposium on Underground Space and Construction Technology, Seoul, Korea, Oct. 8-9, 1993.

o       Sterling, R., 1993. “The Expanding Role of Underground Facilities in Balancing Increases in Standards of Living with Environmental Preservation,” Keynote Address, Proc. VII Australian Tunnelling Conference, Sydney, Australia, August 24-26, 1993, pp. 1-8.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1990. “Progress of Underground Development in Europe and North America,” Keynote Address, Proc. Geotech '90 Conference, Tokyo, Japan, April 9-10, 1990.

o       Sterling R.L., 1985. “Earth-Sheltered Building Research in the United States: A Selective State of the Art Review,” Proc.Intl. Symp. on Earth Architecture, Beijing, P.R.C., November 1-4, 1985, Architecture Society of China, 1985, pp. 351-359.

o       Sterling, R.L., G. Meixel and L. Shen, 1985. “Impact of Insulation of Building Foundations on U.S. National Energy Consumption,” Proc. Alternative Energy in the Midwest:  Research and Applications, Illinois Dept. of Energy and Natural Resources, Schaumberg, Ill., February 21‑23, 1985.

o       Sterling, R.L., Dunkel, F., Meixel, G. and Fairhurst, C. 1982.  “Underground Storage of Food.”  Proc. U.N. Workshop on Subsurface Space Use in Developing Countries, Stockholm.  October 25-29, 1982.  Special Report Underground Space, Vol. 7, Nos. 4-5, Pergamon Press, pp. 257-262.

o       Sterling, R.L., and Meixel, G.D., 1981. “Review of Underground Heat Transfer Research.”  Proc. Second National Technical Conference on Earth Shelter Performance and Evaluation, Tulsa, Oklahoma.  October 1981, Oklahoma State University, pp. 67-79.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1980. “Earth Sheltered Buildings: Construction Activity and Research in the U.S.”  Rockstore '80 Conference Proceedings, Stockholm, June 23-27, 1980, Pergamon Press, Vol. 2, pp. 737-745.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1980. “The Future Potential of Earth Sheltered Structures: Cost, Acceptability and Planning Considerations,” Proc. 3rd Miami International Conference on Alternative Energy Sources, Miami Beach, December 1980,  Hemisphere Publishing Corp., 1983, pp. 580-581.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1979. “Current Research into the Effectiveness and Acceptability of Earth Sheltered Buildings as a Passive Energy Conservation Technique,” Proc. 4th National Passive Solar Conference, October 1979, American Solar Energy Society, pp. 425-428.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1978. “Structural Systems for Earth Sheltered Housing,” Underground Space, Vol.3, No. 2, December, 1978, pp. 75-81, Presented at May 1978 Conference on Earth Covered Buildings, Ft. Worth, Texas.

o       Sterling, R.L., Nelson, C. and Yardley, D., 1978. “Mined Space in the Twin Cities Geology,” in Underground Utilization: A reference manual of selected works. Truman Stauffer, Sr., Ed., University of Missouri, Department of Geosciences, 1978, Vol. 3, pp. 332-336.

  • Other Papers Published in Conference Proceedings

o       McKim, R. and R.L. Sterling, 1999. “Climate Impacts on Trenchless Technology,” Proc. Collection Systems Rehabilitation and O&M Conference, Aug 1-4, 1999, Salt Lake City, UT, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA.

o       Sterling, R., 1998.  “Consideration of the Value of Underground Assets in the Assessment of Project Costs,” Proc. 4th. Urban Infrastructure Week, Montreal, Canada, Nov. 24-26, 1998, CERIU, Montreal.

o       Sterling, R., 1998.  “The Value of Land Beneath Public Rights-of-Way,” Proc. Intl. No-Dig ’98, Lausanne, Switzerland, Jun 8-11,1998, ISTT, London.

o       Hadala, P., A. Atalah and R. Sterling, 1998. “Ground Vibration Associated with Pipe Bursting,” Proc. North American No-Dig '98 Conference, Albuquerque NM, April 5-8, 1998, NASTT, Reston VA, pp 568-590.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1997. “Indirect Costs of Utility Construction and Repair,” Proc. Intl. No-Dig 97 Conference, Genoa, Italy, April 22-24, 1997, ISTT, London.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1996. “Underground Construction Technology,” Proc. COB-dag Annual Meeting, Zeist, The Netherlands, Dec. 10, 1996, Center for Civil Engineering Research and Codes, Gouda, The Netherlands.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1995. “Direct and Indirect Benefits of Underground Space Use,” Proc. Workshop on Underground Space Use, Brisbane, Australia, Dec. 1995.

o       Sterling, R.L., 1992. “The Value of Underground Space,” Proc. North American Tunneling Conference, Boston, MA, Oct. 3-8, 1992.

o       Carmody, J. and R. Sterling, 1992. “Design Options for Subsurface Light Rail Transit Stations in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.” Proc. Intl. Conf. International Tunnelling Association, Acapulco, Mexico, May 16-20, 1992.

o       Carmody, J. and R. Sterling, 1991. “Design Guidelines for People in Underground Space,” Proc. Urban Underground Utilization '91, 4th International Conference on Underground Space and Earth Sheltered Buildings, Tokyo, December 2-5, 1991, Urban Underground Space Center of Japan, Tokyo.

o       Alimov, O. and R.L. Sterling, 1991. “Underground Space Utilization,” Proc. Underground Space Development Conference, Moscow, Russia, Oct. 1991 (in Russian).

o       Sterling, R.L., M. Barker and S. Froise, 1990. “Legal and Administrative Issues in Underground Space Use,” Proc.Tunnel and Underground Works: Today and Future, I.T.A., Chengdu, P.R.C., Sept. 3-7, 1990.

o       Sterling, R.L. and J. Carmody, 1990. “The Experience with Innovative Underground Structures at the University of Minnesota,” Proc. Intl. Symposium on Unique Underground Structures, Denver, CO,  June 11-15, 1990, pp. 77-1 - 77-19,

o       Sterling, R.L. and M.C. Hoyer, 1989. “Final Testing of a High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System,” Proc. Thermal Energy Storage Research Activities Review Meeting, New Orleans, LA, Mar. 15-17, 1989, Dept. of Energy, Wash. D.C., pp. 332-347.

o       Sterling, R., J. Carmody, and W.H. Rockenstein, 1988. “Development of Life Safety Standards for Large Mined Underground Space Facilities in Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.,” Proc. Third International Conference on Underground Space and Earth Sheltered Buildings, Sept. 1-6, 1988, Shanghai, P.R.C., Tongji University Press, Shanghai, P.R.C., pp. 496-501.

o       Dunkel, F.V., R. Sterling, G.D. Meixel and L.D. Bullerman, 1988. “Underground Structures for Grain Storage: Interrelatedness of Biologic, Thermal and Economic Aspects,” Proc.Third International Conference on Underground Space and Earth Sheltered Buildings, Sept. 1-6, 1988, Shanghai, P.R.C., Tongji University Press, Shanghai, pp. 1-6.

o       Dasgupta, B., K.L. Leung, I.G. Vardoulakis, D.E. Beskos and R.L. Sterling, 1988. “Computation of Vibration Levels in Underground Space,” Proc. International Symposium on Underground Engineering, New Delhi, India, April 14-17, B. Singh (Ed.), Oxford & IBH Publishing Co., Ltd., 1988, pp. 209-215.

o       Sterling, R.L., C. Fairhurst and J.C. Carmody, 1987. “Experience in the Development of Mined Underground Space in the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Area,” Proc. Intl. Seminar on Cities and Subsurface Use, Bordeaux, France, 21-23 October, 1987.  A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 63-66.

o       Sterling R.L., B. Anderson, A. Cisewski and J. Bidwell, 1986. “Waterproofing Design and Installation for the Underground Telecommunications Facility at the University of Minnesota,” Proc. 2nd Intl. Earth-Sheltered Buildings Conference, Minneapolis, USA, June 15-19, 1986, Texas A&M University, 1986, pp. 277-281.

o       Kim, H.G. and R.L. Sterling, 1983. “A Study of House Design Combining Earth Sheltering and Traditional Korean Architecture,” Proc. International Conference on Energy Efficient Buildings with Earth Shelter Protection, Sydney, Australia, August 1983, pp. 231-236.

o       Sterling, R.L. and J. Carmody, 1983. “Potential Use of Earth‑Sheltered Structures in Developing Countries,” Proc. International Conference on Energy Efficient Buildings with Earth Sheltered Protection, Sydney, Australia, August 1983, pp. 15-18.

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